Population

Demography = the study of population.

Crude birth rate = the number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

Total birth in a year ÷ Total Population × 1000 ÷ 1

Gerneral Fertility Rate = the index of fertility i.e. it takes into considersation the number of women aged betwwen 15and 44 (generally rearded as those of child bearing age),

Total births per year ÷ Total number of women 15 to 44 × 1000 ÷ 1

Crude Death Rate = the number of deaths per tousand of population per year i.e.

Total deaths per year ÷ Total population × 1000 ÷ 1

Standardised Mortality Ratio = compares number of deaths if the death rate in each age and sex group of the population were the same as for the population as a whole. (i.e. adjusted to take iaccout of large numbers of old people or a youthful population).

Natural Increase = shows actual population increase or decrease

Infant Mortality Rate = the number of infant deaths per thousand of live births per year, under age of 1.

Number of deaths under age 1 ÷ Number of live Births × 1000 ÷ 1

Population Distribution

Highest

India - next to ganges river and costal areas.
China - east (located near major rivers).
- less than half of China covered
- resources
Nile River - population follows the river due to resources.
Brazil - The industrial traingle, development started attracting more people.

Lowest

Amazon Basin - to difficult to live there.
High Groud - difficult communications

Factors affecting Population Growth

Birth Rate
Death Rate
Immigration and Migration
Access to contraception
Improved health care
Education
Food Supply
Religion and Culture
Natural Disasters
Goverment
Living Standards

Models

A Model is a representation of data

Demographic Trainsition Model

Stage 1 for Britain (Pre-industrial Britain)

Birth rate high due to no contraception and the need for some children to survive.
Death rate high due to poor living conditions, disease, diet ... etc.
Fluctuations in death rate due to periodic famines, plagues, wars ... etc.

Stage 2 Early Expanding (1730-1880)

Birth rate continues to be high due to no contraception and children needing to earn money to look after them in old age.
Death rate falls dramatically due to improved health care, better sanitation, cleaner water ... etc.

Stage 3 Late Expanding (1880 - 1920)

Death rate continues to fall due to continued improvments in health care, higher fertility rates due to better living conditions.
Birth rate falls due to access to contraception, compulsory education (to 12 year old) and child labour restrictions.

Stage 4 Low stationary (1920 - present)

Death rate low.
Birth rate low due to widespread use of contraceptives, women choosing to have carreers, a trent towards later marriage, cumpulsory education (till 16) and a higher cost of consumer society.
Fluctuations in birth rate due to baby boom after World War II, periodic health scares over contraceptive pill, economic recession e.g. depression of 1920's, legistlation of abortion and millenium babies.

Is there a need for a 5^th stage?

Core-frame Model

Shows the land use in the CBD of cities. Parts of the frame include:

The zone of discard, where the CBD has moved from.
The zone of assimilation, where the CBD is moving to and new shops are moving into.
The inner core, the current CBD with the majority of large shops and office blocks.

Urban and Rural Links

Traditionally there has always been a two way link between urban and rural areas. Urban areas provide the surrounding country side with goods and services while rural areas provide the urban area with resources.

Characteristics of Migration into Rural Areas

The elderly who choose to spend their twilight years in a quiet rural setting.
Long distance commuters combining a rural home with an urban workplace.
People returning to where they were brought up (return migrants).
People who are unhappy with inner city lifestyle and choose to escape its grime and crime.
Unconventional, anti-materialist commune members.
Information technology wizards, running high-tec businesses from remote homes.
Company managers brought in to run businesses relocated to area of cheaper land, rates, labour etc ...

NOTE: These can lead to conflict

Counterurbanisation

Birth Rate Counterurbanisation is characterised by a shift of people and employment from metropolitan to non-metropolitan areas. Rural-urban distinction becoming blurred. (Census data analysis comparing metro areas and rural areas in an MEDC.)

Segregation

Where certain grops of people are found together in certain parts of the city - either through choice or by compulsion.
Segregation by choice
For defence - People feel more secure if they are with a large number of people of their own kind. It provides them with a sense of safety from persecution of wider society.
Support - New immigrants feel it gives them a chance to get used to their new life while still with people they can relate to.
Preservation - Many groups wish to preserve their culture, their language and religion. Followers of Islam have to metts several times a day for prayer and therefore they need to be close to their mosques. Some have certain diets and/or specialwyas that meat be prepared so they need to live near to the shops which sell these products.
Strength -

Population Pyramids

A population pyramid is a convenient way of showing the structure of the population. Pyramids can be drawn for units of most sizes from small villages to continents. The one above is for the United Kingdom in 1988 and is annotated to show the features of population structure which can be read from such a diagram.

Case studies

Cross hands

Declining of Industry (Coal mining + farming).
Money being invested into the area by EU and government.
More housing being built in the area.
Good access, motorway and large cities near by.

The Northen Edge of Bristol

People moving out of Bristol into nearby village which have good access into the city. These people then communte into work everyday.

Swansea

Poorest Areas include Mayhill, St.Thomas, Penderry.
West is best
5 Park scheme - Enterprise Park, Riverside Park, Maritine Park, City Park, Leisure Park.
Enterprise Park -

Mauritius

In the 1950's Mauritius was facing a 'Malthusian crisis' when the relationshop between its population and resource became unblanced. Then, with a decline in the death rate followed a a rise in birth rate, maurtitiuses economy was put under pressure.

Sampling Methods

Systematic - at regular intervals
Random - at intervals not based on anything (ie random)
Pragmatic - Adapting intervals to suit the area
Stratified - Sites in relation to e.g. transect, avoid thing which'll change your results
Transect - Sites along a line
Quadrats - Sites within an area or box

Spearman's Rank

r_s = 1 - ( 6Σd² / (n³-n) )
Rank both sets of data (highest ranked 1)
Find the difference between each set of data (d)
Square the difference (d²)
Find the Sum of the d² (Σd²)
Fill in the equasion and find r
n = the number in sample

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